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Hebden ( ) is a village and civil parish in the Craven district of North Yorkshire, England, and one of four villages in the ecclesiastical parish of Linton. It lies near Grimwith Reservoir and Grassington, in Wharfedale in the Yorkshire Dales National Park. In 2011 it had a population of 240. Hebden has a church, a chapel, a hotel and public house, a tea room, a community hall, a small general store associated with the pub, and is well served by buses. Until 1983 it had a primary school. Hebden straddles a cross roads. The east-west B6265 road connects it with Grassington to the west, and from there south to the market town of Skipton, from Hebden. To the east, the road crosses a bridge over Hebden Gill, built in 1827, and thence over the watershed to Pateley Bridge in Nidderdale, distant. Main Street, the village high street, continues south as Mill Lane, towards the bank of the River Wharfe and the villages of Hartlington and Burnsall, the latter being just over away. The road to the north runs to the small hamlet of Hole Bottom, from there continuing as a track onto Grassington Moor. The layout of the village largely originates from manorial times, but during the 19th century the village grew to become a substantial industrial community with lead mining and a cotton mill as the main sources of employment. Since then it has reverted to a rural community, and is a focal point for walkers and cyclists wishing to enjoy the local countryside. ==History== The name ''Hebden'' may be derived from either ''heope'', Old English for a rose-hip or ''heopa'', Old English for a bramble, and ''dene'', Old English for a valley, or from the Scandinavian ''Hebban'', a topographical description of a ridge forming an elevated site above a small valley.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.outofoblivion.org.uk/pdfs/appraisals/hebden.pdf )〕 Two Bronze Age stone circles and remnants of huts on the moors above the village show that the area has been settled since earliest times, 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Dumpit Hill A, Hebden, Grassington, North Yorkshire ) 〕〔Joy (2002), pp. 14–15.〕 and a hoard of 33 silver dinari dating from 30 to 170 AD found in a local field indicates that the Romans had a presence. An Iron Age or Romano-British settlement has been tentatively identified on the banks of Gate Up Gill on the moors to the north-west of the village. Place names such as ''Scale Haw'' indicate the Norse left their influence.〔Joy (2002), p. 16.〕 There is no documentary record of the area until a mention in the ''Domesday Book'' of 1086, in which the settlement was referred to as ''Hebedene'' held by Osbern d'Arques, of Thorpe Arch. At the time of the Conquest the land was held by ''Dreng'', which is a Nordic name.〔(【引用サイトリンク】Open Domesday Hebden )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.geni.com/people/Osbern-d-Arques/6000000000112139516 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Dreng )〕 During medieval times, an important east-west droving route used to move sheep between winter pastures around Fountains Abbey and summer pastures around Malham, crossed the Hebden Beck at Hebden.〔Raistrick (1976), p. 5.〕 It broadly followed the line of the North Craven Fault avoiding the moorland peat bogs, and became a busy packhorse route for traders.〔Joy (2002), pp. 7,20–21.〕 Although no property in the village is older than the early 17th century,〔 (【引用サイトリンク】British Listed Buildings Online ) 〕 its layout reflects its development in medieval times as a planned village. Eight toft compartments are discernible to the west of Main Street, and the outline of the four surrounding common fields, now divided, may be identified from the pattern of dry stone walls. The fields were largely arable, providing the village with most of its food requirements, but are now farmed exclusively for pasture and hay. The village manor house was on land now occupied by Hebden Hall at the south end of Main Street.〔Joy (2002), pp. 18–26.〕 The last stretch of Hebden Beck before it reaches the River Wharfe was used to power a corn mill in the Middle Ages,〔Joy (2002), p. 19.〕 and corn milling survived into the middle of the 19th century.〔Joy (2002), p. 46.〕 In the 14th century Fountains Abbey had a fulling mill in the village.〔Raistrick (1976), p. 15〕 In 1791 a three-storey cotton mill was built alongside the corn mill. It housed 54 spinning frames and was productive until 1870 when it was driven out of business by the more efficient stream-driven machinery of the industrial revolution.〔(【引用サイトリンク】Hebden cotton mill )〕 At its peak, the mill employed more than 70 men, women, and children. The building was used for other purposes including a roller skating rink until it was demolished in 1967.〔Joy (2002), pp. 46–50.〕 Lead mining on Grassington Moor became important in the 18th century, and as a result of the mines' success, a number of the mine owners promoted the provision of the Grassington to Pately Bridge turnpike road, which was begun in 1760 and provided an all-weather route across the moors for wagons.〔Raistrick (1973), p. 102.〕〔Joy (2002), pp. 38–39.〕 From the early 19th century Hebden was a dormitory village for some miners, contributing to the population rising to more than 500 in the 1830s.〔Joy (2002), p. 50.〕 In the early 1850s profitable mines were established in the parish to the north of the village on veins associated with Grassington Moor, which helped sustain the population. Although activity continued sporadically into the last decade of the century, the accessible ore was largely exhausted by 1865, and the population declined to a low of 199 in 1901. As the freeholders shared the mineral royalties, the mines brought prosperity which gave rise to the remodelling and redevelopment of much of the village. Green Terrace, which includes the old post office, was built in the 1870s, and Main Street was transformed from a back lane into the high street.〔Joy (2002), pp. 69–70.〕 The village school, with working clock and bell tower, was built by the community in 1874,〔 and the stone-built Ibbotson Institute, now the community hall, was completed in 1903.〔Joy (2002), p. 80.〕 The coming of the Yorkshire Dales Railway to Threshfield in 1902 opened up Hebden as a destination for day visitors and holiday makers.〔 p. 112.〕 A purpose-built timber guest house was opened in 1909 at the south end of the village by the Co-operative Holiday Association, founded by Thomas Arthur Leonard. It passed into private hands in 1960, and continued as a holiday centre until 1990, mainly catering for school parties.〔Joy (2002), p. 83.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】CHA Guest House, Hebden )〕 The village stores and post office shut at the end of 2013 after 100 years of trading, and a new store associated with the public house opened at the beginning of 2014. The gold painted George V Type B wall post box was removed from the outside wall of the post office, and replaced with a modern gold painted lamp box a few metres away;〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/12321/response/31588/attach/3/PO%20Boxes%20A%20Z%202009.pdf )〕 and the K6 Tudor Crown phone box was decommissioned, and set up at the cross-roads as a street ornament. Although it now has a number of second homes, holiday cottages and commuters,〔 〕〔 〕 with eight working farms, a fish farm, coach and haulage companies,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.hargreavescoaches.co.uk/ )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.longthornesofhebden.co.uk/ )〕 Hebden remains a working and thriving community. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hebden, North Yorkshire」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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